intense harassment. [80][81] Much later, they lived together, perhaps platonically, and remained together until Voltaire's death. The Scottish Victorian writer Thomas Carlyle argued that "Voltaire read history, not with the eye of devout seer or even critic, but through a pair of mere anti-catholic spectacles. His long life spanned the last years of classicism and the eve of the revolutionary era, and during this age of transition his works and activities influenced the direction taken by European civilization. [222] In England, Voltaire's views influenced Godwin, Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft, Bentham, Byron and Shelley. It has been suggested that high amounts of caffeine stimulated his creativity. [180], The tragedy Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet (French: Le fanatisme, ou Mahomet le Prophete) was written in 1736 by Voltaire. [218] He was first and best in his time in his conception and writing of history, in the grace of his poetry, in the charm and wit of his prose, in the range of his thought and his influence. Nietzsche speaks of "la gaya scienza, the light feet, wit, fire, grace, strong logic, arrogant intellectuality, the dance of the stars"—surely he was thinking of Voltaire. He was an incredibly prolific writer, advocating for civil freedoms and criticizing major institutions such as the Catholic Church. [73] That December, Voltaire moved to Holland for two months and became acquainted with the scientists Herman Boerhaave and 's Gravesande. Despite strict censorship laws, he frequently risked large penalties by breaking them and questioning the establishment. In general, his criticism and miscellaneous writing show a similar style to Voltaire's other works. [230], Under the French Third Republic, anarchists and socialists often invoked Voltaire's writings in their struggles against militarism, nationalism, and the Catholic Church. However, after Rousseau wrote Emile / Vicaire Savoyard, Voltaire offered Rousseau a safe haven because he appreciated Rousseau’s attack on religious hypocrisy. Two months later, however, he became ill again and died on May 30, 1778. Albert Camus was a French Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works, including 'The Stranger' and 'The Plague.' concerns shifted as the years passed while at his estate in Ferney, After a time, his father found out the truth and sent him away from Paris to study law in Caen, Normandy.
His books and pamphlets contained scores of assaults on church authority and clerical power.


")[31] This probably refers to Adenes le Roi, and the 'oi' diphthong was then pronounced like modern 'ouai', so the similarity to 'Arouet' is clear, and thus, it could well have been part of his rationale.

At 16 he became a writer. He would stay in Ferney for most of the remaining 20 years of his life, frequently entertaining distinguished guests, such as James Boswell, Adam Smith, Giacomo Casanova, and Edward Gibbon. In particular, he became fascinated by the government of England in comparison with France: England was a constitutional monarchy, whereas France still lived under an absolute monarchy.

Voltaire also has—in common with Jonathan Swift—the distinction of paving the way for science fiction's philosophical irony, particularly in his Micromégas and the vignette "Plato's Dream" (1756). [40], In early 1726, the aristocratic chevalier de Rohan-Chabot taunted Voltaire about his change of name, and Voltaire retorted that his name would win the esteem of the world, while de Rohan would sully his own. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. gradually became anxious, quarrelsome, and finally bored. [179], According to Malise Ruthven, as Voltaire learned more about Islam his opinion of the faith became more positive. François-Marie Arouet, later known by his pen name, Voltaire, was born in 1694 to a middle-class Parisian family. He was an incredibly prolific writer, advocating for civil freedoms and criticizing major institutions such as the Catholic Church.

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