[58], Ditsong National Museum of Natural History, alveolar bone loss resulting from periodontal disease, "The Predatory Transition from Ape to Man", "The Pleistocene Anthropoid Apes of South Africa", "The elusive 'second species' in Sterkfontein Member 4: The dental metrical evidence", "Hominin Taxonomy and Phylogeny: What's In A Name? Based on just these three, he reported an average height of 132 cm (4 ft 4 in) for P. robustus males and 110 cm (3 ft 7 in) for females. [1]:284–286 This family name was soon abandoned, and Dart proposed "Australopithecidae" in 1929.

The dating of Kromdraai B is less clear as there are no animal species which are known to have existed in a narrow time interval, and many non-hominin specimens have not been assigned to a species (left at genus level). The StW 573 atlas shows similar mechanical advantages for the muscles which move the shoulder girdle as chimps and gorillas, which may indicate less lordosis (normal curvature of the spine) in A. africanus neck vertebrae. Baboons in this region modern day often shelter in sinkholes especially on cold winter nights, though Brain proposed that australopithecines seasonally migrated out of the Highveld and into the warmer Bushveld, only taking up cave shelters in spring and autumn. Unlike apes and gracile australopithecines, but like humans, the premaxillary suture between the premaxilla and the maxilla (on the palate) formed early in development. This could indicate the Cradle of Humankind received more rainfall in the Plio-Pleistocene. [10] The validity of this is debated. prometheus".

However, the most parsimonious explanation is that the rock was deposited during the fossilisation process after TM 1517 had died. The ramus of the jawbone, which connects the lower jaw to the upper jaw, is tall, which would have increased lever arm (and thereby, torque) of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles (both important in biting down), further increasing bite force. [97] Brain was unsure if these predators actively sought them out and brought them back to the cave den to eat, or inhabited deeper recesses of caves and ambushed them when they entered. Known as 'Eurydice', DNH-7, from the Sterkfontein caves. Paranthropus robustus is a species of australopithecine from the Early and possibly Middle Pleistocene of the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, about 2 to 1 or 0.6 million years ago.

In contrast, chimps have an incidence rate of 47%, and gorillas as much as 90%, probably due to a diet with a much higher content of tough plants. Announcing our NEW encyclopedia for Kids.

[21], Based on 4 specimens, the A. africanus brain volume averaged about 420–510 cc (26–31 cu in). [9] Member 1 and Member 3 have several mammal species in common, making dating by animal remains (biostratigraphy) yield overlapping time intervals. The extinction of P. robustus coincides with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition, and the doubling of glacial cycle duration. Broom R and Robinson JT.

[13], In addition to Taung, Sterkfontein, and Makapansgat, A. africanus was in 1992 discovered in Gladysvale Cave. Its specializations for strong chewing certainly make it appear bizarre.

[56][57], Around 2.07 million years ago, just before the arrival of P. robustus and H. erectus, A. africanus became extinct in the Cradle of Humankind. afarensis. However, the geographical range of P. robustus in the fossil record is roughly 500 km2 (190 sq mi), whereas the critically endangered eastern gorilla (with the smallest range of any African ape) inhabits 70,000 km2 (27,000 sq mi), the critically endangered western gorilla 700,000 km2 (270,000 sq mi), and the endangered chimp 2,600,000 km2 (1,000,000 sq mi). However, the small canines of males compared to those of females would seem to suggest a much lower degree of male–male aggression than non-human hominins. [54] The A. africanus fossils from Sterkfontein Member 4 were likely accumulated by big cats, though hunting hyenas and jackals may have also played a role. [24] McHenry also estimated the living height of 3 P. robustus specimens (male SK 82, male SK 97, and female or subadult SK 3155), by scaling down an average human to meet the estimated size of the preserved femur, as 126 cm (4 ft 2 in), 137 cm (4 ft 6 in), and 110 cm (3 ft 7 in) respectively.
[20] Using this and palaeomagnetism, it may date to roughly 1.8 million years ago. The first probable bone tool was reported by Robinson in 1959 at Sterkfontein Member 5. They found that the microwear patterns in P. robustus suggest hard food was infrequently consumed, and therefore the heavy build of the skull was only relevant when eating less desirable fallback foods. Most of the skull minus the lower jaw is preserved, including the right canine tooth, right first premolar and all three left molars. erectus. [63] In 1980, anthropologists Tom Hatley and John Kappelman suggested that early hominins (convergently with bears and pigs) adapted to eating abrasive and calorie-rich underground storage organs (USOs), such as roots and tubers. (right) Photo: Dr Herries, photographed at the University of the Witwatersrand [12] In 1972, Robinson suggested including Gigantopithecus into "Paranthropinae", with the Miocene Pakistani "G. bilaspurensis" (now Indopithecus) as the ancestor of Paranthropus and the Chinese G. blacki. This adult skull has been dated between 1.5 and 2 million years old. [99] It is possible that South Africa was a refugium for Australopithecus until about 2 million years ago with the beginning of major climatic variability and volatility, and potentially competition with Homo and Paranthropus.

However, they also noted that similar damage could potentially have also been inflicted by calcite deposition and crystallisation during the fossilisation process. Andre Keyser discovered the jaw and dental material at Drimolen in 1994. [28] It has been debated whether or not P. robustus would have had symbiotic, neutral, or antagonist relations with contemporary Australopithecus and Homo.

The 1959 discovery of a nearly complete cranium by Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, first revealed the presence of a robust australopith in East Africa. Australopithecus robustus and A. boisei are also referred to as “robust” australopiths. P. robust contended with sabertooth cats, leopards, and hyenas on the mixed, open-to-closed landscape, and P. robustus bones probably accumulated in caves due to big cat predation. At this point in time, Australian anthropologist Raymond Dart had made the very first claim (quite controversially at the time) of an early ape-like human ancestor in 1924 from South Africa, Australopithecus africanus, based on the Taung child. Paranthropus robustus, aussi appelé Australopithecus robustus, retrouvé en Afrique du Sud, avec une capacité crânienne de 500 à 550 cm 3. [19], P. robustus was only definitively identified at Kromdraai and Swartkrans until around the turn of the century when the species was reported elsewhere in the Cradle of Humankind in Sterkfontein, Gondolin, Coopers, and Drimolen Caves. [31] In 2001, Polish anthropologist Katarzyna Kaszycka said that Broom quite often artificially inflated brain size in early hominins, and the true value was probably much lower.

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