14 août - Normandie : la gendarmerie compte 122 réservistes supplémentaires . To these men, service in the Congo Free State offered military experience, adventure and—as they saw it—an opportunity to participate in a humanitarian endeavour. [18], The Force Publique was organised into 21 separate companies (originally numbered but were later known only by their names) each between 225 and 950 men strong, along with an artillery and an engineers unit containing over 12,100 men. The troupes campees was tasked with guarding the border and protecting the colony from external aggression, while the troupes en service territoriale was responsible for maintaining internal security. [6], As time went on, the Force Publique began to increasingly recruit and to rely on Belgian officers and native Congolese soldiers, so that the white and black foreign mercenaries had been mostly phased out by 1908. This violence immediately led to a military intervention into Congo by Belgium in an ostensible effort to secure the safety of its citizens (the earlier Luluabourg intervention had been against orders). A. Bruneel, May 1909– March 1911, Lt-Col/Col. Each Marche or field company was intended to have four Belgian officers and NCOs plus between 100 and 150 askaris (African soldiers). Many were recruited or conscripted from “warrior tribes” in the Haut-Congo, others were mercenaries[6] drawn from Zanzibar and West Africa[4] (Nigerian Hausas). To command his Force Publique, Leopold II was able to rely on a mixture of volunteers (regular officers detached from the Belgian Army); and mercenaries (adventurers [4] plus former officers from the armies of other European nations, especially those of Scandinavia, Italy and Switzerland). A separate gendarmerie was organised in 1959 drawn from the Territorial Service Troops of the FP. : Gendarmerie /JDD; Flew in parade quatorze juillet 2011. : Gendarmerie /JDE; pictured as H27 on static display at 49th Salo, : 14Jul11 /JDE flew in parade quatorze juillet 2011, : as /JDE pictured (pic2) in the Gendarmerie section of the helic. [24], After the First World War, as outlined in the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was forced to cede "control" of the Western section of the former German East Africa to Belgium. [7] In the 1890s, the Force Publique defeated the African and Arab slavers in the course of the Congo Arab war (1892–1894), which resulted in tens of thousands of casualties. Bienvenue sur la page de la gendarmerie de Martinique in 1999 to AS350BA, : Converted as AS350BA in 2005, tail rotor lost in 2010 in Dijon, : Gendarmerie/JCT; 15may05 pictured at La Ferte-Allais (Aeroport de, : Gendarmerie /JCV; 01jul11 pictured at the Eurockeennes de Belfort, : AS350BA type asg SAG Villacoublay FM-JCZ, : Gendarmerie /JDB; Flew in parade quatorze juillet 2010, : pictured (pic1) at Paris on departure after a fuel stop, : 14jun15 pictured (pic2) arriving at LeBourget for Paris airshow 2, : as /JDB pictured (pic3) in the Gendarmerie section of the helico. On 20 October 1924, Ruanda-Urundi (1924–1945), which consisted of modern-day Rwanda and Burundi, became a League of Nations mandate territory under Belgian administration, with Usumbura as its capital. Download Foursquare for your smart phone and start exploring the world around you! The 3rd Brigade of the Force Publique, together with the XIth battalion (5,700 men), took part in the campaign in Abyssinia in Italian East Africa, arriving from the Congo via the Sudan. The Force Publique was initially conceived in 1885 when King Leopold II of the Belgians, who held the Congo Free State as his private property, ordered his Secretary of the Interior to create military and police forces for the State. A SERGE OF PRIDE. The immediate incident sparking the mutiny was reported to have been a tactless speech made by the Belgian general commanding the FP to African soldiers in a mess hall at the main base outside Léopoldville, in which he stated that Independence would not bring any change in their status or role. The Rulers of Belgian Africa, 1884–1914. The 3rd groupement, commanded by a colonel whose headquarters was at Stanleyville, grouped F.P. By July 1959, a total of 40 companies and 28 platoons of gendarmerie were either formed or in training. 96 were here. [20] During the First World War (1914–18), an expanded Force Publique served against German colonial forces in the Camerouns and German East Africa (Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi), as part of the East African Campaign. With the outbreak of the First World War, the Katangese units were organised in battalions (Ie, IIe, and IIIme) for military service in Northern Rhodesia and the eastern frontier districts of the Belgian Congo. Kigali was taken by 6 May 1916. Strachan, H. (2001). It comprised 3 infantry battalions (each of approximately 800 men), seemingly including 6 Battalions at Watsa (under Lieutenant Colonel Merckx in 1960),[38] 2 battalions of Gendarmerie (each of approximately 860 men), a reconnaissance squadron (jeeps, trucks and armoured M8 Greyhound vehicles – approximately 300 men), a transport company, a military police company (approximately 100 men), a heavy mortar platoon, a combat engineer company and a training centre at Lokandu. 2005 conv to AS350BA, : From 1986 to 1996 (Guadeloupe - Overseas), : From 1989 to 2003 (Nouvelle Caledonie - Overseas), : From 2008 to 2009 (Nouvelle Caledonie - Overseas), : From 1991 to 2001 (Nouvelle Caledonie - Overseas), : From 2004 to 2009 (Nouvelle Caledonie - Overseas), : 2010 pictured at Tarbes Laloubere; 2011 DAG Tarbes, : pictured at meeting aerien aerodrome le luc, : 09apr15 Modane, Savoie, southeastern France, : Gendarmerie; JBH; w/o 21jan85 after hard landing on mountains. The First World War: To Arms. Armed with modern weapons and the chicote—a bull whip made of hippopotamus hide—soldiers of the FP often took and mistreated hostages. Les réservistes contribuent directement, aux côtés de leur camarades d'active, à la production de sécurité (garantir la protection des personnes et des biens, renseigner, alerter, porter secours) comme à la bonne exécution des lois. Tightly disciplined and drilled, the Force Publique impressed visitors to the Belgian Congo with its smart appearance, but a culture of separateness, encouraged by its Belgian officers, led to brutal and unrestrained behaviour when the external restraints of colonial administration were lifted in 1960. The chain of events this started eventually resulted in Joseph Mobutu (Mobutu Sésé Seko), a former Sergeant-Major in the FP who had been promoted to Chief of Staff of the ANC by Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, gaining power and establishing his dictatorial kleptocracy. There were eight Congolese NCOs as part of this establishment.[21]. The FP was retitled as the Congolese National Army or ANC in July 1960 after independence. 1 visitor has checked in at fort de gendarmerie d'Ivry. Servais, August 1932 – November 1933, Col/ Maj-Gen. Émile Hennequin, April 1935– November 1939, Maj-Gen./Lt-Gen. Auguste Gilliaert, August 1944 – 1954, 'Lisolo Na Bisu: Notre histoire: le soldat congolais de la FP 1885–1960,', This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 12:42. Most askaris were armed with single shot 11 mm Albini-Braendlin rifles, though the white cadres and units in Katanga were given better Mauser Model 1889 rifles. The troops took Asosa and Gambela with little resistance, and shelled Italian forces at Saïo on 8 June 1941. The Force Publique and the British Lake Force then started a thrust to capture Tabora, an administrative centre of central German East Africa. Battalions from the latter were assigned to every provincial capital, while companies were stationed at each district headquarters.[26]. The fort contained eight 160mm guns manned by 200 men,[22] plus an equal sized auxiliary force, which saw little or no service during the war. The first machine purchased for the force was a de Havilland DH.85 Leopard Moth that entered service on 9 October 1940.[33]. I. Their constituent units, known as detachments, were so widely scattered that the force had no real military value. The officers of the Force Publique were entirely European. [24] The military contribution was also important: the Force Publique grew to 40,000 in the course of the War, formed into three brigades, a river force and support units. For example, the white community in Luluabourg was besieged in improvised fortifications for three days until rescued by a Belgian Army paratroop drop. Already prior to the war uranium from the Shinkolobwe mine had been shipped to New York; it was later used in the Manhattan Project to produce the atomic bomb for Hiroshima. Lieutenant General Émile Janssens's intention may only have been to stress the need for continued discipline and obedience to orders, but the impact on the soldiers, unsettled by the demands of maintaining order during Independence celebrations and fearful that they would be excluded from the benefits of the new freedom, was disastrous. Vanderstraeten, 1983, Annex I, lists the HQ at Elisabethville. A. Marchant, March 1911– January 1916, Lt-Col./Colonel. Plus use our free tools to find new customers. [15], The uniforms of the old Free State remained in use among the Force Publique until the First World War: Belgian officers wore white uniforms until late 1914,[16] while the blue uniform (with red trim around the neck and down the front opening), red fez and sash of the askaris was phased out in a series of changes during 1915–1917. The re-entry of these forces was a clear violation of the national sovereignty of the new nation, as it had not requested Belgian assistance. [37] The 2nd groupement covered Léopoldville and Equateur. The role required of the Force Publique was that of both defending Free State territory and of internal pacification. For the remainder of the period of Belgium's rule, the Force Publique continued its joint military and police role, split into territorial units, charged with maintaining public order, and mobile units (between the wars known as unites campees) charged with territorial defence. Thomas Pakenham, page 600 "The Scramble for Africa". They returned to the Belgian Congo at the end of 1944 without having seen active service. [27] With Belgium occupied, the contribution to the Allied cause by the Free Belgian Forces from the Belgian Congo was primarily an economic one providing copper, wolfram, zinc, tin, rubber, cotton and more. His regime was to remain in power until May 1997. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [4], Under Leopold II the Force Publique was described as an "exceptionally brutal army". In addition there was the Compagnie d'Artillerie et de Génie (Artillery and Engineers Company) manning Fort de Shinkakasa at the mouth of the Congo River in Boma. This incident was later used by British officers to motivate the fighting troops to greater efforts ("even a hospital can do better"). [32], At the end of 1940, the FP headquarters, recognising the need for aviation support for the force, began forming the Aviation militaire de la Force Publique equipped with requisitioned civilian machines and based at N'Dolo Airport in Leopoldville. J. Paternoster, May 1907– December 1907, Colonel. [2], The last 15 commanders of the Force Publique were:[41]. This process was rather slow, however, and was only completed during the First World War. They comprised a mixture of Belgian regular soldiers and mercenaries from other countries who were drawn by the prospect of wealth or simply attracted to the adventure of service in Africa. Soon afterwards, in early 1886, Captain Léon Roger (of the Belgian Army's Carabiniers) was sent to the Congo with orders to establish the force. [36] The 1st groupement had its headquarters at Elisabethville in Katanga Province, according to Louis-Francois Vanderstraeten. [5], Serving under these European officers was an ethnically-mixed African soldiery, who eventually became comparable to the askaris fielded by other European colonial powers. The allied powers, the British Empire and Belgium, launched a coordinated attack on the German colony; by 1916 the Belgian commander of the Force Publique, Lieutenant-General Charles Tombeur, had assembled an army of 15,000 men supported by local bearers and advanced to Kigali. [24] About 2,000 additional native irregulars were sent home. The Force Publique lost about 500 men during the East Africa Campaign,[29] among them 4 Belgians. [25], On 10 May 1919, the Belgian colonial administration issued a decree formally reorganising the Force Publique into two branches. Prior to independence, the air component of the Force Publique (Avi / or Avimil, Aviation militaire de la Force publique) was based mainly at the N'Dolo airport, Leopoldville. There were also six recruit training camps containing over 2,400 men. [24] Their retreat cut off, the Italian troops surrendered to General Auguste-Édouard Gilliaert on 7 July 1941, and included nine generals, among them Generals Pietro Gazzera and Count Arconovaldo Bonaccorsi, 370 officers, and 2,574 noncoms and 1,533 native soldiers. Killingray, David (2012). The Force Publique (French: [fɔʁs pyblik], "Public Force"; Dutch: Openbare Weermacht) was a gendarmerie and military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of Belgian colonial rule (Belgian Congo – 1908 to 1960). Thomas Pakenham, pages 29–33 and 394-6 "The Scramble for Africa". Fighting for Britain: African Soldiers in the Second World War. The infamous chicote was only abolished in 1955. The Force Publique (French: [fɔʁs pyblik], "Public Force"; Dutch: Openbare Weermacht) was a gendarmerie and military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of Belgian colonial rule (Belgian Congo – 1908 to 1960). The majority served in small static garrisons called poste with primarily a police role. With many Force Publique detachments being stationed in remote areas of the territory, some officers took to using soldiers under their control to further private economic agendas rather than focusing on military concerns. [17] Thereafter, officers and askaris wore a variety of khaki uniforms. "Histoire de la Force Publique" du Lieutenant Général F.P. The army went on to take Tabora on 19 September after heavy fighting. 08 août - «C’est une fierté de porter l’uniforme» : les futurs réservistes de la gendarmerie à l’entraînement . Reports from foreign missionaries and consular officials detail a number of instances where Congolese men and women were flogged or raped by soldiers of the Force Publique, unrestrained by their officers and NCOs. It was intended that each administrative company form a Compagnie Marche of 150 men. [30], The Force Publique also sent the 10th Belgian Congo Casualty Clearing Station to the battle zone. See also Vanderstraeten, 'De la Force publique a l'Armee National Congolaise,' Brussels, 1983, Annex I, 469–471. There was a mutiny by the XIV battalion at Luluabourg in 1944. [24] In 1916, Charles Tombeur was made Military Governor of the Belgian Occupied East African Territories. This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/. Other weapons included Maxim machine guns, smaller numbers of Madsen machine guns, Nordenfelt 4.7 cm and Krupp 7.5 cm cannons. In 1914, the Force Publique, including the Katanga companies, totalled about 17,000 askaris with 178 white officers and 235 white NCOs. units in Kivu and Orientale Province (PO). By the early 1890s, much of the eastern portion of the Free State was under the control of Arab ivory and slave traders (though the Government was able to re-establish control over the east by the mid-1890s). Soon afterwards, after an extraordinary meeting of ministers of the new Congolese Government at Camp Leopold on 8 July, the FP was renamed as the Congolese National Army (Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)), and its leadership was Africanised. [13], Following the takeover of the Free State by the Belgian government in 1908, the new authorities began reorganise the Force Publique. After Belgium had surrendered to Nazi Germany on 28 May 1940, His Excellency Pierre Ryckmans, Governor-General of the Belgian Congo, decided that the colony would continue to fight on the side of the Allies. Rebuild to, : Gendarmerie /JCP; cnvt. [23][24] At the time of the Battle of Tabora in September 1916, about 25,000 men were under arms; during the war their actions were supported by more than 260,000 local bearers. In principle companies comprised two or three 50-man platoons. Foursquare uses cookies to provide you with an optimal experience, to personalize ads that you may see, and to help advertisers measure the results of their ad campaigns. Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter (1979). At the end of 1940, the XIth Battalion of the Force Publique was placed at the disposal of the British forces in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. On this date the chief of Belgian forces in the Congo ordered the assembly of non-Congolese personnel and operational aircraft ('des appareils en état de vol') at the Belgian base at Kamina. From 1886 to 1908 the officer corps consisted of 648 Belgians, 112 Italians, 53 Danes, 47 Swedes, 26 Norwegians and smaller numbers recruited from other nations, such as the United Kingdom and the United States. The Belgian Government made no effort to train Congolese commissioned officers until the very end of the Colonial period, and there were only about 20 African officer cadets at military schools in Belgium on the eve of Independence. After the Mahenge Offensive and the capture of Mahenge in 1917, the Belgian Congolese army controlled roughly one-third of German East Africa. Foursquare © 2020  Lovingly made in NYC, CHI, SEA & LA. [11] By the end of 1891, the force had 60 officers, 60 non-commissioned officers, and 3,500 black soldiers. p. 60. 01 août - Douaumont : la nouvelle promotion de gendarmes réservistes . In 1945, the FP mobile units consisted of 6 battalions of infantry (the V battalion at Stanleyville, the VI battalion at Watsa, the VIII battalion at Luluabourg, the XI battalion at Rumangabo, the XII battalion at Elizabethville, and the XIII battalion at Léopoldville), 3 reconnaissance units, military police units, a brigade under training at Camp Hardy, still under construction at Thysville, 4 coastal defence guns, and a small aviation element including 2 De Havilland DH.104 Doves. The 2,875 men of the Troupes du Katanga constituted a semi-autonomous force of six companies: four de marche and two other infantry, plus a cyclist company and a battalion headquarters. [8], There was also disturbing evidence that limbs were severed of children of poorly performing parents in the rubber plantations during this time. : Gendarmerie/JBL; May08 pictured preserved at Le Bourget, : Gendarmerie /CSA; 2003 SAG Fort de France, : From 2001 to 2008 (Overseas); Model: C/N: Built: ID: SA319B Alouette III: 2009: 2009: Gendarmerie/JBL; May08 pictured preserved at Le Bourget : AS350B Ecureuil: 1692: 1983: F-MCSA: From 1996 to 2008 (Overseas) : Gendarmerie /CSA; 2003 SAG Fort de France : AS350B Ecureuil: 1810: 1985: F-MCSA: From 1986 to 1996 (Overseas) F-MCSB: From 2001 to 2008 (Overseas); 2005 conv to AS350BA : AS350B Ecureuil They also burned recalcitrant villages and there is evidence, including photographs, that FP soldiers cut off human hands either as trophies or to show that bullets had not been wasted. The companies were as follows: Aruwimi, Bangala, Bas-Congo, Cateracts, Équateur, Ituri, Kasai, Kwango, Lac Léopold II, Lualaba, Lulongo, Makrakas, Makua-Bomokandi, Ponthiérville, Rubi, Ruzizi-Kivu, Stanley Falls, Stanley Pool, Ubangi, and Uele-Bili. Forte de 23 000 hommes et femmes, la réserve opérationnelle de la gendarmerie renforce l'action des unités d’active et les structures de commandement. There were supposed to be enough companies to form three Marche battalions. : Gendarmerie /JBH; Flew in parade quatorze juillet 2010. : w/o 20may16 crashed in Cauterets, High Pyrénées. Rather the bulk of these sub-units consisted of small garrisons in fixed locations, with local policing functions. [28] It provided detachments to fight Italian forces during the East Africa Campaign and serve as garrisons in West Africa and the Middle East. Given the COVID-19 pandemic, call ahead to verify hours, and remember to practice social distancing. The actual location of the headquarters on 30 June 1960 is actually unclear. : Gendarmerie /JDL; Flew in parade quatorze juillet 2010. : Gendarmerie /JDM, test serial D-HCBN; pictured (pic1) (pic2) bra, : Jan12 DAG Fort de France (Martinique - Overseas), : SAG Noumea (Nouvelle Caledonie - Overseas). [3] A number of other Belgian officers and non-commissioned officers were also dispatched to the territory as the nucleus of the officer corps. [34], Between 1945 and 1960, Belgium continued to organise the Force Publique as an entity cut off from the people that it policed, with recruits serving in tribally mixed units and no more than a quarter of each company coming from the province in which they served. Attached please find copies of the most recent available maps of N'Djamena. As result, the proportion of commissioned Belgian officers to askaris (about one to a hundred) was very low by the standards of most colonial armies of this period. New York: Oxford University Press. Between 1941 and 1945, some 350 Congolese and 20 Belgians, under the command of Medical Colonel Thomas, worked together with the British medical services in Abyssinia, Somaliland, Madagascar and Burma. [10] Organizational problems were also quite prevalent during the Free State era. [19], The separate companies comprising the Force Publique eventually grew to over 600 men each. On 23 August they were transferred to Elizabethville, and on 26 August officially turned over to the secessionist State of Katanga.[33]. Rotor clipped, : Participated in Bastille Day flypast 14 Jul 2009, with GN, : Chamonix pictured rescuing injured hiker, : SAG Villacoublay./JBR flew in parade Quatorze Juillet 2013, : as /JBR pictured (pic2) leading the Gendarmerie section of the h, : Gendarmerie Nationale FM-JBV; 2003 DAG Hyeres, : Crashed in 1998 in Briancon, rebuilt as AS350BA in 2003, : Converted as AS350BA in 2005, DAG Dzaoudzi (Mayote - Overseas), : Gendarmerie Nationale FM-JCG; 2003 DAG Hyeres, : DAG Pointe a Pitre (Guadeloupe - Overseas), : Converted as AS350BA in 2005, sold in 2011, : Converted as AS350BA in 2005, Crashed in Colmar in 2009, : 18dec92 damaged after hard landing with autorotation. Between 1944 and 1960 the following unarmed aircraft and helicopters were used by Avimil: At independence on 30 June 1960, Avimil was placed under the control of the new government of the Republic of the Congo, and continued its missions until 20 July 1960. "Un Belge face aux Japs" (book) isbn D/1986/2070 (French). On 5 July 1960, five days after the country gained independence from Belgium, the Force Publique garrison in Léopoldville mutinied against its white officers (who had remained in complete command) and attacked numerous European and Congolese targets. Between 1942 and 1943, an expeditionary force of 13,000 was sent to Nigeria. F. Olsen, 1920 – August 1924, Col./Maj-Gen. P. Ermans, 1925 – July 1930, Maj-Gen. L. De Konick, July 1930 – July 1932, Colonel. The Force Publique was able to assemble another battalion from smaller units; originally called the IIIe, but changed to the 11e to avoid confusion with the Katanga IIIme battalion. Write a short note about what you liked, what to order, or other helpful advice for visitors. [6] One major purpose of the Force was to enforce the rubber quotas and other forms of forced labour. However, Histoire générale du Congo: de l'héritage ancien à la République Démocratique, Par, Military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxb65NGch9w&t=87, Zaire: Evolution of the armed forces — The Colonial Period, Belgian Army remembers role of Force Publique (Dutch), Une école au Congo Belge dans les années 50, Watsa – Page 16) Camps militaire de Watsa | ecoledewatsa.blogspace.fr, King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa, Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of Military History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Force_Publique&oldid=986372058, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Leopoldville Province: Headquarters FP (French: FP QG), HQ 2, Colonel. They especially proved their value serving with the Indian XXXIII Corps on the Upper Chindwin, where they were attached to the 11th (East Africa) Division. [4] The weaponry of the Force Publique also remained mostly outdated due to the tight budgetary constraints on the colonial administration. Friendly tribes and militias were often used to help exert control over the outermost parts of the Free State. [24], The Force Publique then helped to establish an overland route from Lagos through Fort Lamy and the Sudan to Cairo. The outbreak caused fear amongst the approximately 100,000 Belgian and other European civilians and officials still resident in the Congo and ruined the credibility of the new government as it proved unable to control its own armed forces.

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