The 1907 "Gentlemen's Agreement" with Japan extended the government's hostility towards Asian workers and families. The Industrial Revolution had begun, the slave trade was nearing its end, and America was pushing westward. Five hundred years later, the great European migration would begin. Nationalism and suspicion of foreigners were on the rise, and immigrants' loyalties were often called into question. Established on January 1, 1892, Ellis Island was seen as a safe place to land for countless immigrants. Word of the California Gold Rush had spread around the world, drawing immigrants from both Asia and Europe. In 1790, it passed the first Naturalization Act, which stipulated that "…any alien, being a free white person, may be admitted to become a citizen of the United States..." In the early years of the republic, immigration was light - 6000 people a year on average, including French refugees from the revolt in Haiti. Doctors also needed a way to pre-screen newcomers for health issues. Pre - 1790 1790 - 1820 1820 - 1880 1880 - 1930 1930 - 1965 1965 - 2000. The European immigrants who crossed the Atlantic on ships in the late 1800s and early 1900s were greeted by the Statue of Liberty. Health professional would check for infectious illness like smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera before it was allowed to deliver its passengers. Once the US declared war against the Axis Powers, German and Italian resident aliens were detained; but for the Japanese, the policies were more extreme: both resident aliens and American-born citizens of Japanese descent were interned. President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ellis Island as a branch of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965. There are two major resources available online where you can locate information on the Ports of Entry, the years of operation and the records kept for each U.S. state: A listing of Ports of Entry by State/District with the years of operation and information on where the resulting immigrant records were filed. There was no, ‘Welcome to America, here’s your new photo ID.”. And for millions of immigrants, New York provided opportunity. Some called for a total ban on immigration to the colonies. There were also convicts among the newcomers - up to 50,000 transported to the colonies from English jails. For Mexicans victimized by the Revolution, Jews fleeing the pogroms in Eastern Europe and Russia, and Armenians escaping the massacres in Turkey, America provided refuge. It was actually open to the public for the first time from 1974 to 1984. Over 12 million newcomers came to Ellis Island from its founding until 1954. Around the year 1000, a small number of Vikings would arrive. This piece of paper was basically all that they needed to confirm their identity. The immigrants came to Ellis island to find a place as an American. But escaping the Cold War conflicts of the 60s and 70s was not the only draw for the country's newest immigrants. But during hard times, the immigrants were cast out and accused of stealing jobs from American workers. As one immigrant recalled, "I saw the crop. In the box were a sandwich, pie and an apple. Throughout this period, in a policy that continues to this day, the government has given preferences to professionals like doctors, nurses, scientists, and hi-tech specialists, creating what is often called the "Brain Drain." Established on January 1, 1892, Ellis Island was seen as a safe place to land for countless immigrants. According to historian Barry Moreno, “The doctors also had to know a few words of instruction in many languages. Immigrants poured in from around the world: from the Middle East, the Mediterranean, Southern and Eastern Europe, and down from Canada. Although many new immigrants came in pursuit of a dream, nearly all the Irish immigrants from the 1840's and 1850's came to escape a nightmare - a devastating famine back home. Through the 80s and 90s, illegal immigration was a constant topic of political debate. The door was wide open for Europeans. Chinese immigrants began to arrive in the 1850's, entering through San Francisco. They were reuniting with their families, joining their GI husbands, taking part in the post war economic boom. Since there were 2,000 to 3,000 new arrivals per boat, the doctors had their work cut out for them. In 1986, the government gave amnesty to more than 3 million aliens through the Immigration Reform Act, but during the recession years of the early 90s, there was a resurgence of anti-immigrant feeling. Some of these then sent for their wives, children, and siblings; others returned to their families in Europe with their saved wages. After 1892, nearly all immigrants came in through the newly opened Ellis Island. New York arrivals. Many recent immigrants returned to their native lands, including hundreds of thousands of Mexicans, many against their will. By the mid-18th century, the British colonies had become the most prosperous in North America. The restrictive immigration policies of the 1920s persisted. One immigrant recalled arriving at Ellis Island: "The boat anchored at mid-bay and then they tendered us on the ship to Ellis Island…We got off the boat…you got your bag in your hand and went right into the building. (Note: If you remove this Wall Of Honor then associated Duplicate Certificate will also be removed). If an immigrant didn’t pass the test, they were kept in the “doctor’s pen” to wait for more extensive care. Their influence is felt from the Imperial Valley to Silicon Valley. Moreno remarked that “If they wanted a meal, they could go downstairs to the lunchroom where the restaurant keeper sold boxed lunches: a large box for $1, a small box for 50 cents. The Republican platform of 1864 stated, "Foreign immigration which in the past has added so much to the wealth, resources, and increase of power to the nation…should be fostered and encouraged.". Rapid population growth, changes in land distribution, and industrialization had stripped many European peasants and artisans of their livelihoods. It was also utilized by the U.S. Coast Guard to train approximately 60,000 military men. But after the outbreak of World War I in 1914, American attitudes toward immigration began to shift.

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