kadabba. The first undisputed evidence of the genus Homo—the genus that includes modern human beings—appears as early as 2.8 mya, and some…, …a hominin of the species Ardipithecus ramidus from Aramis, Ethiopia, and the famous “Lucy,” a hominin of the species Australopithecus afarensis from Hadar, Ethiopia. If the enamel was thick, it would mean Ar. Like chimps, the A. ramidus face was much more pronounced (prognathic) than modern humans. The holotype specimen, ARA-VP-6/1, comprised an associated set of 10 teeth; and there were 16 other paratypes identified, preserving also skull and arm fragments. The discoverers argue that the ‘Ardi’ skeleton reflects a human-African ape common ancestor that was not chimpanzee-like. In Ardipithecus…, In central Ethiopia, Ar. [3][16], A. ramidus feet are better suited for walking than chimps. [6] A. kadabba is considered to have been the direct ancestor of A. ramidus, making Ardipithecus a chronospecies. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The design of her, Ar. ramidus is associated with faunal and floral remains indicating a woodland habitat. It is also possible that Ardipithecus and pre-Australopithecus were random offshoots of the hominin line. Even though it has some ape-like features (as do many other early human species), it also has key human features including smaller diamond-shaped canines and some evidence of upright walking. In northern Kenya Au. [1] In 2001, French paleontologist Brigitte Senut and colleagues aligned it more closely to chimps,[8] but this has been refuted. Also, the origins of bipedality were thought to have occurred due to a switch from a forest to a savanna environment, but the presence of bipedal pre-Australopithecus hominins in woodlands has called this into question,[12] though they inhabited wooded corridors near or between savannas. It has also been suggested that it was among the earliest of human ancestors to use some proto-language, possibly capable of vocalizing at the same level as a human infant. There are a few specimens of primitive white and black rhino species, and elephants, giraffes, and hippo specimens are less abundant.

If the enamel was  thin, this would suggest Ar. Ardi’s skeleton, which is more than 50 percent complete, dates to about 4.4 mya. [22] Alternatively, it is possible that increased male size is a derived trait instead of basal (it evolved later rather than earlier), and is a specialized adaptation in modern great apes as a response to a different and more physically exerting lifestyle in males than females rather than being tied to interspecific conflict.
A. ramidus was named in September 1994. The first fossil found was dated to 4.4 million years ago on the basis of its stratigraphic position between two volcanic strata: the basal Gaala Tuff Complex (G.A.T.C.) [9][7] Because of this, it is assumed that A. ramidus lived in a society similar to bonobos and ateline monkeys[16] due to a process of self domestication (becoming more and more docile which allows for a more gracile build). However, it would not have been as efficient at bipedality as humans, nor at arboreality as non-human great apes. Science 326, 36-50. We don’t know everything about our early ancestors—but we keep learning more! Ardi’s fossils were found alongside faunal remains indicating she lived in a wooded environment. [1] In 1995, they made a corrigendum recommending it be split off into a separate genus, Ardipithecus; the name stems from Afar ardi "ground" or "floor". [13], Assuming subsistence was primarily sourced from climbing in trees, A. ramidus may not have exceeded 35–60 kg (77–132 lb). A. ramidus, unlike modern hominids, has adaptations for both walking on two legs (bipedality) and life in the trees (arboreality). The facial anatomy suggests that A. ramidus males were less aggressive than those of modern chimps, which is correlated to increased parental care and monogamy in primates. A. ramidus appears to have inhabited woodland and bushland corridors between savannas, and was a generalized omnivore. afarensis inhabited a mosaic of riverine forest, lowland woodland, savanna, and dry bushland. A new kind of ancestor: Ardipithecus unveiled. ramidus ate softer foods such as fruit. Ardipithecus has been known about since 1992, but as recently as Spring, 2009 I was unable to find information on cranial capacity and or bipedalism. ramidus is best understood by examining Ardi, the partial skeleton found at Aramis. afarensis. Science 326, 100-106. Gibbons, A., 2009. …of the human line, with Ardipithecus ramidus at 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. [14] Unlike the later Australopithecus but much like chimps and humans, males and females were about the same size.

The fossils were dated to between 4.32 and 4.51 million years ago. (book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan). These would have made it less efficient at walking and running than Australopithecus and Homo. [10] It lacks any characters suggestive of specialized suspension, vertical climbing, or knuckle walking; and it seems to have used a method of locomotion unlike any modern great ape, which combined arboreal palm walking clambering and a form of bipedality more primitive than Australopithecus. Ardi moved in the trees using a grasping big toe, yet her pelvis was shorter and broader than an ape's, indicating that she could walk bipedally. This specimen preserves key details of the dentition, skull, forearm, pelvis, leg, and foot of a young adult female. Ardipithecus has an expanded tarsal region on each foot, and its foramen (the hole in the skull through which the spinal cord enters) is located centrally under the skull instead of at the rear of it. Ardi presents a unique anatomical mosaic not previously observed in any other…, 2 mya), and Ar. Over 100 specimens of Ardipithecus ramidus have been recovered in Ethiopia. When Lived: About 4.4 million years ago Ardipithecus ramidus was first reported in 1994; in 2009, scientists announced a partial skeleton, nicknamed ‘Ardi’. In Ardipithecus: Anatomical features The anatomy of Ar. [5] In 2009, White and colleagues reaffirmed the position of Ardipithecus as more closely related to modern humans based on dental similarity, a short base of the skull, and adaptations to bipedality. Females: average 3 ft 11 inches (120 centimeters), Adventures in the Rift Valley: Interactive, Digital Archive of Ungulate and Carnivore Dentition, Burin from Laugerie Haute & Basse, Dordogne, France, Neanderthal Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA. ramidus was not a specialized frugivore (fruit-eater). [2] The 4.4 million year old female ARA-VP 6/500 ("Ardi") is the most complete specimen. [16][9][10] Lacking the speed and agility of chimps and baboons, meat intake by Ardipithecus, if done, would have been sourced from only what could have been captured by limited pursuit, or from scavenging carcasses. [4], In 2001, 6.5–5.5 million year old fossils from the Middle Awash were classified as a subspecies of A. ramidus by Ethiopian paleoanthropologist Yohannes Haile-Selassie. Nuts and bolts classification: Arbitrary or not? Ardipithecus Ramidus being a direct ancestor of humans is unclear, while Ardi is noticeably not a chimp, she is also an individual we would not recognize as human.The location and some features of the fossils allow researchers to speculate that Ar. ramidus probably also avoided tough foods, as they did not have the heavy chewing specializations of later Australopithecus species. "Ardi," a larger female specimen, was estimated to have stood 117–124 cm (3 ft 10 in–4 ft 1 in) and weighed 51 kg (112 lb) based on comparisons with large-bodied female apes. [9] In 2011, primatologist Esteban Sarmiento said that there is not enough evidence to assign Ardipithecus to Hominini (comprising both humans and chimps),[10] but its closer affinities to humans have been reaffirmed in following years. Most of the remains are dental, but some skull and limb bones were also found. Nature 371, 306-312. [17][9] Its tibial and tarsal lengths indicate a leaping ability similar to bonobos.

It is inferred to have had a long lumbar vertebral series, and lordosis (human curvature of the spine), which are adaptations for bipedality. [25], The teeth of A. ramidus indicate that it was likely a generalized omnivore and fruit eater which predominantly consumed C3 plants in woodlands or gallery forests. Instead, A. ramidus has an enamel thickness between a chimpanzee’s and later Australopithecus or Homo species, suggesting a mixed diet.

ramidus ate tough, abrasive foods. Below are some of the still unanswered questions about Ardipithecus ramidus that may be answered with future discoveries: White, T.D., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., 1994. The pelvis, reconstructed from a crushed specimen, is said to show adaptations that combine tree-climbing and bipedal activity. They initially classified it as Australopithecus ramidus, the species name deriving from the Afar language ramid "root". Reconstructed frontal view of the skeleton of “Ardi,” a specimen belonging to the early hominid species.

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